PFAS
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances — a large group of synthetic 'forever chemicals' that persist in the environment and can contaminate water supplies.
PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a class of over 14,000 synthetic chemicals that contain strong carbon-fluorine bonds. These bonds make PFAS extremely resistant to breakdown, earning them the name “forever chemicals.”
Why it matters
PFAS are a concern in drinking water because:
- They do not break down naturally in the environment
- They bioaccumulate in humans and animals over time
- Some studies link prolonged exposure to health effects including thyroid disruption, immune system impacts, and certain cancers
- They have been found in water supplies near military bases, airports, and industrial sites in Australia
Australian context
The NHMRC updated the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines in 2025 with stricter PFAS limits. Major contamination has been identified near former Defence Force bases at Williamtown (NSW), Oakey (QLD), and Katherine (NT), primarily from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) used in firefighting training.
Common PFAS compounds
The two most-studied PFAS compounds are PFOS and PFOA. Newer guidelines also cover PFHxS and PFBS.
Removal
Reverse osmosis and granular activated carbon filtration are effective at removing PFAS from drinking water. Standard carbon jug filters provide limited reduction.
Related Terms
Check Your Water
See how pfas levels compare in your suburb with real water quality data.
Disclaimer: Glossary definitions are provided for general educational purposes only and do not constitute medical advice or professional guidance. For specific health concerns about your drinking water, consult a qualified health professional. See our Terms of Use.